Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture

The Problem of Perfection in Modern Life Sciences and Mystic Research

Abdinazarov Mansur Abdurahmon o‘g‘li — 2026-04-30

This article analyzes the mystical views formed on the basis of Ahmad Yassavi's wisdom and the conceptual compatibility of the document with modern artificial intelligence systems. The study covers the issues of the ethical and normative system of mysticism, the concept of wisdom and its comparison with artificial intelligence as a model for processing knowledge and processing it. , The spiritual, educational and epistemological significance of the work "Divoni hikmat" is revealed in the context of modern thinking.

Integrating the Consumption and Creation of Images Into the Learning of Medical English Terms

Isamiddinova Lola Ibragimdjanovna — 2026-05-02

This article explores the integration of visual materials, specifically the consumption and creation of images, into the learning of medical English terminology. The study investigates how visual-based approaches enhance comprehension, retention, and application of specialized vocabulary among medical students. Using a mixed-method research design, the effectiveness of image-based learning strategies is analyzed. The findings indicate that combining visual input with active image creation significantly improves learners’ engagement, memory, and professional language use.

The Role of Erkin Vohidov’s Literary Works in 20th-Century Uzbek Literature

Nizomova Shokhista Shodiyevna — 2026-05-02

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Erkin Vohidov’s life, the stages of his creative development, and his rich literary heritage. The study examines the poet’s artistic and aesthetic views, as well as the ideological directions expressed in his works, and explores his poetic mastery on a solid scientific basis. In particular, the research analyzes how the ideas of nationality and patriotism in Erkin Vohidov’s literary works are closely connected with the historical memory of the Uzbek people, their cultural heritage, and the process of national self-awareness. The article also reveals the artistic interpretation of universal values such as humanism, moral purity, justice, and freedom in the poet’s works, and substantiates their significance in the spiritual development of society.

The New Uzbekistan Model of Family Institution: A Multicomponent Constitutional-Legal Architecture and Its Comparative Analysis

Gafurov Doniyor Orifovich — 2026-05-05

This article presents a systematic socio-philosophical and comparative-legal analysis of the New Uzbekistan model of family institution, characterized by its multicomponent constitutional-legal architecture. Following the 2017 onset of the New Uzbekistan development phase and the 2023 referendum-based adoption of the revised Constitution, Uzbekistan has developed an integrative model for strengthening the family institution that synthesizes traditional ethnocultural foundations, secular constitutional fundamentalism, Islamic axiological resources, international legal norms, and classical Sufi heritage. The investigation employs a triangulated methodology combining systematic legal analysis of primary normative sources, comparative-legal analysis with selected international family policy models (South Korea, Japan, Sweden, Turkey), and conceptual-philosophical analysis of the underlying axiological architecture. Primary sources include Articles 76-80 of the 2023 Constitution, the 1998 Family Code, Presidential Resolutions of 2018 and 2021 on family institution strengthening, and the "Each Family — Entrepreneur" and "Iron Notebook" social-economic mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that the New Uzbekistan model exhibits a distinctive multicomponent integrative architecture that transcends both the traditionalist-religious and secular-libertarian models prevalent in international comparison. The five constitutive components — ethnocultural foundation, secular constitutional fundamentalism, Islamic axiological resource, international legal norms, and classical Sufi heritage — operate in organic synthesis rather than reductive integration. Comparative analysis reveals that this multicomponent architecture offers conceptual resources for addressing the limitations of mono-paradigmatic family policy models. Theoretical contributions include the development of an integrative-architectural framework for analyzing post-Soviet Central Asian family policies. Practical implications encompass policy applications in family economic stimulation, social protection ("Iron Notebook" mechanisms), and culturally embedded family well-being initiatives.

Uzbek Psychological and Pedagogical Aspects of Teaching Russian as a Non-Native Language

Abdulhamidova Sadoqat Karimjon qizi — 2026-05-07

In the special literature, there is a large list of general didactic, pedagogical-psychological, socio-linguistic, methodological approaches, principles, and methods of teaching Russian as a non-native or foreign language. Among them, in our opinion, the most important is the principle of taking into account the native language. This is a system of organizing the educational process (a system of exercises; selection of material that prevents interference), in which the experience of students in their native language is taken into account. It is important to remember that linguistic phenomena in the native and studied languages may coincide completely, partially, or not at all. The greatest learning problem is posed by partially overlapping phenomena. In this case, explicit or implicit, hidden comparison is necessary, as the analysis of perceived "non-native" speech is based on the categorical structure of the native language, and the construction of "new" language statements is based on the model of the native language or an intermediate language.

The Methodology of Rendering Emotional-Expressive Units in Literary Translation: A Comparative Study of Uzbek and English

Ruzmetova Zilolakhon Dilmuradovna — 2026-05-08

Translating literature is not just about moving words from one language to another. It’s about carefully rebuilding the feelings, style, and cultural details that are hidden in the text. Some parts of the text, like metaphors, idioms, and strong emotions, help readers understand and feel the story. But translating these parts can be very hard, especially when the original language and the new language are very different, like Uzbek and English. This is because the same words or phrases can have different meanings or feelings in each language. So, translators have to be very careful to keep the original meaning and feeling of the text, while also making it sound natural in the new language. This research aims to create a detailed framework for translating emotional expressions in literature by comparing Uzbek and English texts. It uses ideas from translation studies, linguistics, and pragmatics, and takes a qualitative approach that focuses on the text and its functions. The study looks at parts of Uzbek literary works and their English translations to find common patterns, strategies, and challenges in conveying emotions. By doing this, it hopes to develop a better understanding of how to translate emotional expressions in a way that is both accurate and meaningful. The research is important because it can help translators to better convey the emotional content of literary works, which is essential for creating a genuine connection with readers. When it comes to translating emotional expressions, it’s not always easy to find exact equivalents. To do it well, translators need to be able to adapt and adjust their approach. This might involve making subtle changes to the tone or language, or finding alternative ways to convey the same emotions. What’s really important here is that the translator is sensitive to the cultural context and nuances of the original text. If they can get this right, they can preserve the emotional authenticity of the original message. With this in mind, the study suggests a new approach to teaching translation that takes into account the complexities of emotional expression. This approach is designed to help translators develop the skills they need to navigate these challenges and produce high-quality translations that really capture the essence of the original text. By focusing on the practical aspects of translation and the importance of cultural awareness, this method aims to support both translators and their instructors. This study helps us better understand how translation works by looking at it from different angles and using practical methods. It shows that translation is not just about changing words from one language to another, but also about understanding the emotions and ideas behind them. By seeing translation as a creative process that involves feeling and thinking, we can improve the way we train translators.

Class Struggle in Eugene O’Neill’s The Hairy Ape: A Marxist Study

Shahad Hassan Wazeej — 2026-05-10

This study aims to explore the theme of class struggle in Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape through the lens of Marxism. The analysis focuses on the interaction between social classes, highlighting the alienation, exploitation, and ideological manipulation faced by the working class within a capitalist society. The significance of this study lies in its ability to clarify the understanding of class dynamics and ideological struggles within the framework of a capitalist society . By applying Marxist methodology, the study sheds light on the systemic forces of alienation and exploitation that define the experiences of the working class, offering valuable insights into how literature reflects social hierarchies. This analysis not only enhances the appreciation of O'Neill's artistic exploration of class and identity but also contributes to broader academic discussions on the intersections of literature, ideology, and power. Ultimately, the study underscores the enduring relevance of class struggle as a lens for interpreting both historical and contemporary social structures.

Concept of Renewal in 21st Century Uzbek Poetry and its Scientific-Theoretical Interpretation

Allayorov Safar Khushvaqtovich — 2026-05-11

This article examines the scientific-theoretical and methodological essence of the category of "renewal" in 21st-century Uzbek poetry. The phenomenon of renewal is investigated not merely as an evolution of poetic forms but as a complex process interconnected with artistic thinking, spiritual consciousness, national aesthetic perception, and civilizational shifts. Consequently, the study provides a scientific-theoretical interpretation of genre transformation, the reshaping of the poetic subject, intertextual relationships, aesthetic modernization, and the synthesis with global literary processes within contemporary Uzbek poetry.

Inclusive Approach in The Provision of Lexicographical Sources for Individuals with Special Educational Needs

Kurbanova Munavvara Abdujabbarovna — 2026-05-12

The article establishes the necessity of digital linguistic dictionaries within the inclusive education system and outlines the developmental stages of a mobile application featuring an explanatory audio dictionary of modern linguistic terminology. It discusses the role and significance of voice-based lexicographical resources in the academic and scientific activities of students and researchers. The research highlights how these tools facilitate learning for individuals with diverse needs by bridging the gap between traditional text and accessible audio formats.

Commodified Hope: Migration, Gender, and the Moral Economy of Trafficking in Contemporary African Fiction

Julius Nsirim AKANI — 2026-05-12

Trafficking persists not only because people are forced to move, but because they are made to believe that movement is the only viable path to survival. It thrives in the charged space where aspiration meets constraint, and where hope itself becomes a tradable resource. This article examines the dynamics of human trafficking in Chika Unigwe’s On Black Sisters' Street and Kwei Quartey’s Last Seen in Lapaz, arguing that trafficking operates as a moral economy in which gendered precarity, migration desire, and economic vulnerability converge. Moving beyond dominant frameworks that cast trafficked women solely as passive victims, the study foregrounds the complex interplay of agency, coercion, and aspiration that structures their experiences. Drawing on recent interdisciplinary scholarship on migration, labour, and trafficking, the article introduces the concept of “commodified hope” to explain how imagined futures are mobilised, priced, and exploited within transnational and intra-African trafficking networks. It demonstrates how both novels refract trafficking not merely as an act of violence, but as a system sustained by debt, surveillance, and the circulation of power between victims and intermediaries. By analysing narrative patterns of recruitment, bodily commodification, and structural control, the study reveals how trafficking is embedded in broader socio-economic conditions rather than isolated criminal acts. The article concludes that contemporary African fiction offers a critical lens for rethinking trafficking as a relational and systemic phenomenon, one that implicates not only traffickers but also the socio-economic structures and aspirations that make exploitation possible. In doing so, it contributes to ongoing debates by reframing trafficking as an economy of desire as much as an economy of coercion.

Development of Dialectical Views in The Works of Academician Jondor Tulenov

Shokirov Murod Rustamovich — 2026-05-12

This article analyzes the scholarly and philosophical heritage of Academician Jondor Tulenov and highlights its practical significance for modern life and ongoing reforms. The theoretical ideas, methodological principles, and socio-ethical views of J. Tulenov play an important role in the development of national spirituality, the modernization of the scientific-educational system, cultural identity, and socio-economic and political progress. The article presents the scholar’s key concepts, their practical applications, solutions to contemporary issues, as well as recommendations for future research.

A Comparative-Typological Analysis of Common and Distinctive Factors Shaping English and Uzbek Enlightenment and Reform Traditions

O. S. Normaxmatov — 2026-05-12

This article examines the common and distinctive factors that shaped English and Uzbek enlightenment and reform traditions from a comparative-typological perspective. The study argues that both traditions emerged as intellectual and literary responses to social stagnation, educational crisis, moral disorder, and the need for cultural renewal. However, the historical conditions, ideological foundations, and practical aims of English and Uzbek enlightenment movements differed significantly. English enlightenment and reform thought developed in close connection with rationalism, individual liberty, empiricism, industrial transformation, parliamentary culture, and the expansion of public discourse. Uzbek enlightenment and reform traditions, especially as represented in Jadid literature, were shaped by the need for national awakening, educational modernization, moral renewal, anti-colonial consciousness, and the reform of traditional social institutions. The research applies comparative-historical, typological, cultural-contextual, and thematic methods. The analysis focuses on the conceptual categories of education, reason, morality, national consciousness, social responsibility, public communication, and literary reform. The article demonstrates that both English and Uzbek traditions regarded knowledge as a key instrument of social development. At the same time, English enlightenment emphasized the autonomous individual, civic rationality, and institutional reform, whereas Uzbek Jadid enlightenment emphasized collective awakening, national survival, school reform, linguistic renewal, and moral-pedagogical education. The study contributes to comparative literary and cultural studies by showing that enlightenment and reform should be understood not as uniform European concepts but as historically adaptable intellectual models that acquire different meanings in different cultural environments.

Engaging Design of English Lessons in Non-Philological Classes

Zaripova Aziza Shakhobiddinovna — 2026-05-16

This article aims to shed light on various methods for effective acquisition of the English language and its easy application in practice, to provide information on foreign language teaching methods and several innovative approaches in the educational process. Nowadays, English learning the language and teaching it effectively remains the most urgent problem and. The results of this research concluded that the ability to use innovative innovations and methods in the process of reading gives an opportunity to understand the new material much faster and easier.

Automatic Detection and Correction of Spelling Errors in Agglutinative Languages (A Case Study of the Uzbek Language)

Nazira Sobirova G‘anijon qizi — 2026-05-16

One of the key directions in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the automatic detection and correction of spelling errors in texts. This task becomes particularly challenging in agglutinative languages such as Uzbek, where words are formed through the addition of numerous affixes. This paper analyzes algorithms for detecting and correcting spelling errors in the Uzbek language, their operational principles, and modern machine learning approaches. The study examines dictionary-based methods, the Levenshtein distance algorithm, N-gram models, and context-aware approaches based on neural networks. The findings demonstrate that a hybrid algorithm, combining multiple techniques, provides the most effective solution for Uzbek spell-checking.

Methods for Punctuation Restoration in Automatic Speech Recognition Systems

Sobirova Zarnigor Ganijon kizi — 2026-05-17

Punctuation restoration constitutes one of the most significant Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks within Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Automatic Speech Recognition refers to a computational technology that enables machines to recognize, process, and transcribe human speech into textual form. ASR systems serve as a fundamental component in numerous NLP applications, including intelligent voice assistants, automated call-center systems, speech analytics, and machine translation technologies. With the exponential growth of digital content and spoken communication platforms, ASR technologies have become an indispensable element of modern intelligent information systems and services.

Vocabulary of the South-Eastern Andijan Ethno-Linguistic Area and the Issue of Dialecticism

Alimbekova Vazira Xalimjon qizi — 2026-05-18

This article examines the lexical characteristics and the functional role of dialecticisms within the South-Eastern Andijan ethno-linguistic area as reflected in Uzbek artistic literature. The study highlights that the use of regional dialects in belles-lettres serves not only to provide local color and authentic characterization but also acts as a vital source for the lexical enrichment of the literary language. Through a comprehensive analysis of works by prominent authors such as Ulugbek Hamdam, Isajon Sulton, and Said Ahmad, the author identifies specific phonetic, morphological, and semantic shifts in dialectal terms—such as famil (tea), shati (ladder), bolish (pillow), and ene (then). The research concludes that the integration of “living language” into literary texts enhances emotional resonance and ensures a profound connection between the reader and the artistic reality, ultimately determining the aesthetic value of the work..

The Theoretical Foundations of Syntactic Parallelism in Uzbek and Foreign Linguistics

Oʻralova Nargiza Isroilovna — 2026-05-21

This article analyzes the study of syntactic parallelism in Uzbek and foreign linguistics. It examines the theoretical foundations of syntactic parallelism, its role in language and speech processes, and its significance in enhancing the stylistic effectiveness of literary texts. Additionally, the scholarly views of Uzbek and foreign linguists on this phenomenon are comparatively reviewed. The article analyzes the structural-semantic features of syntactic parallelism through examples and reveals its linguopoetic potential.

The Role of Linguistic and Extralinguistic Factors in the Associative Connection of Lexical Units

Erkinova Marxobo G‘ayrat qizi — 2026-05-23

This article elucidates the linguistic and cognitive nature of associative connections between lexical units. The research analyzes the verbal networks of words within the human consciousness, the concept of the associative field, and the mental lexicon residing in the memory of the linguistic personality. The study aims to demonstrate that associative links between lexical units play an integral role in shaping an individual’s worldview, culture, speech situations, social and psychological states, as well as their overall linguistic activity.

Thematic Scope of the Work “Nahjul Farodis” and Textual Research of its Manuscript Copies

Jurayev Muzaffar Ubaydullayevich — 2026-05-23

This article discusses the textual research conducted on the manuscript Inv 879 of Mahmud ibn Ali as-Saroyi's work "Nahjul Farodis" ("The Open Way to the Gardens"), which is kept in Istanbul, as well as the manuscript copies Inv 316 available at the Abu Rayhan Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies. Information was provided regarding the text history of the work, textual research and the scope of the topic. It was noted that the complete study of this work, which falls under the genre of biographies, is one of the important tasks of today.

The Role of Folk Epics As Cultural Codes and Intertextual Bases in Uzbek Literary Texts

Homidova Mahfuzakhon Farhodjon qizi — 2026-05-15

Intertextuality is one of the basic principles of text analysis and is found in all types of text. In particular, in literary texts there are excerpts from other texts: quotations, allusive names, parodies. The main sources of intertextuality in literary texts are verses from the Qur'an, hadiths, examples of folklore, and quotations from famous works. The same is true of Uzbek literary texts. This article discusses the occurrence of intertextuals of Uzbek folk epics in literary texts, their peculiarities. Uzbek folk epics such as “Alpomish”, “Gorogli” are very popular among the people, and their names and names of heroes are well known. Therefore, they are widely used by poets and writers as an intertextual source in both prose and poetry.

The Mention of Navoiy’s Followers in Usmonli Tazkiras

Atoyeva Shamsiya Rahmon qizi — 2026-05-25

Alisher Navoiy’s tazkira, “Majolis un-nafois”, holds significant importance as the first comprehensive tazkira written in a Turkic language. This work provides information on 459 poets who lived and created in Khorasan and Transoxiana. The school of tazkira writing established by Navoiy was later continued in Ottoman Turkish literature. Alisher Navoiy’s influence is clearly reflected in Ottoman literature through Sehibey’s “Hasht Behisht” and Latifi’s “Tazkirat ush-shuaro va tabsirat un-nuzamo”. This article reveals the interpretation of Navoiy’s followers, the poets Sehibey and Latifi, as presented in their 16th-century Ottoman Turkish tazkiras.

The Unity of Theme and Content in Poetry

Kamola Allanazarova — 2026-05-25

This study investigates the harmony of theme and content in the poetry of Mutriba within the context of late 19th and early 20th century Uzbek literature. The research focuses on the analysis of socio-political, lyrical, and educational motifs in the poetess’s works, with particular emphasis on their artistic representation and ideological significance. Using literary analysis as the main approach, the study examines how historical realities such as colonial oppression, social injustice, and the 1916 events are reflected in Mutriba’s poetry. The article also explores the artistic means through which personal emotions and collective experience are unified, including metaphor, repetition, and hyperbole. Special attention is given to themes of women’s spiritual experience, teacher–disciple relations, and love lyrics as key components of her poetic system. The findings indicate that Mutriba’s poetry integrates individual emotional expression with broader socio-cultural realities, demonstrating a coherent unity between thematic content and artistic form.

Urgent Problems and Analyses in The Field of Enhancing Human Dignity

Ermatov Sanjarbek Yoqubovich — 2026-05-26

The article analyzes the reforms being implemented in the context of New Uzbekistan aimed at enhancing human dignity, their socio-philosophical significance, and existing urgent problems in this sphere. It also highlights issues related to improving living standards, strengthening the social protection system, supporting youth and women, and prioritizing human interests in public administration based on scientific approaches.

Socio-Psychological Aspects of Youth Socialization in the Information Society

Akbarailiyev Tolkin — 2026-05-26

This article analyzes the socio-psychological impact of the information society and the digital environment on the socialization of modern youth. It is demonstrated that the digital environment transforms the communication culture and value system of young people, while triggering new psychological phenomena such as virtual identity, FoMO syndrome, and cyberbullying. Furthermore, practical recommendations for developing media immunity and digital hygiene among youth are put forward.

The Gender-Based Division of Family Roles in Proverbs

Tillayeva Oltinoy Bakhtiyorovna — 2026-05-28

This article will deeply analyze the gender-based division of family roles in proverbs as well as the differences on the roles of female and male genders.

Concept of Social Advertising: Essence and Functions

Norkulov Shahzod Shuhrat ugli — 2026-05-30

This article explains social advertising and its function is to draw people's attention to existing social problems and to provide facts and information that are considered relatively important for the formation of ideas about them in people's minds. Social advertising is aimed at everyone and every person. Therefore, it is emphasized that social advertising is also important in using it as a tool for fully involving members of society in social processes.

Academic Perseverance and Its Relationship to Social Responsibility among Students of the College of Education for Girls

Noori Hamid Ali Mohammed — 2026-05-25

The current study aimed to identify the level of academic perseverance among students of the College of Education for Girls at Tikrit University, and the statistically significant differences according to specialization (scientific – humanities) and type of study (morning – evening). The research sample consisted of (120) fourth-grade students, randomly selected, representing (24%) of the research population. The researcher adopted Al-Khazraji's scale (2017) to measure perseverance. The results showed that the research sample had a high level of perseverance, no statistically significant differences between scientific and humanitarian specializations, and statistically significant differences in favor of morning study. In light of the results, the researcher formulated a number of recommendations and proposals.

The Role and Significance of Pragmatics in Modern Linguistics

Madaminova Muhabbat — 2026-05-30

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of pragmatics in linguistics, the stages of its development, and its fundamental principles. It highlights the communicative function of pragmatics in the speech process and its role in expressing the relationship between the speaker and the listener. Additionally, the connection between the concepts of pragmatic meaning, speech situation, and context with linguistic units is scientifically explained. The research provides conclusions on the importance of pragmatics in modern linguistics and its relationship with other linguistic fields.

A Comparative Analysis of the Image Of Ulugbek in Tazkiras and Historical Works

Malikova Zulayxo Baxromjon qizi — 2026-05-30

This article examines various aspects of the image of Mirzo Ulugh Beg, an outstanding scholar and statesman of the Timurid period, as reflected in tazkiras and historical works. Particular attention is paid to the representations of Ulugh Beg found in “Majolis un-nafois” by Alisher Navoi and “Tazkirat ush-shuaro” by Davlatshah Samarqandi, as well as to the information presented in the works of such historians as Khwandamir, Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi. The study demonstrates that these sources present Ulugh Beg from different methodological perspectives. In tazkira literature, he is primarily portrayed as a patron of science and culture, whereas in historical works he appears as a political figure actively involved in the socio-political processes of his time.

Relıgıous Belıefs in Azerbaıjan Weddıng Tradıtıon

Sevinj Guliyeva — 2026-05-25

This article examines religious beliefs embedded in Azerbaijani wedding traditions as an important expression of family, marriage, and cultural identity. In Azerbaijani society, wedding ceremonies are not merely social celebrations but also reflect religious values inherited through generations. The study highlights several symbolic practices, such as beginning wedding rituals with the word Bismillah from the Holy Quran, performing istikhara before marriage decisions, and passing the bride and groom under the Holy Quran. These practices demonstrate how religious belief becomes integrated into the structure of marriage customs and collective identity. The article argues that Azerbaijani wedding traditions represent a combination of national, religious, and psychological consciousness that strengthens family values and social continuity. Therefore, the wedding tradition functions as a cultural space where Islamic beliefs and Azerbaijani identity are preserved and transmitted.

Freedom and Responsibility in Classical Islamic Philosophy: A Study of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Sina

Kamran Valizada — 2026-05-25

The problem of freedom and responsibility occupies a central place in classical Islamic philosophy due to its profound metaphysical and theological implications. This article examines the perspectives of two major thinkers, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Ghazali, on human agency, determinism, and moral accountability. While Ibn Sina develops a rationalist framework grounded in metaphysical necessity and intellectual deliberation, Al-Ghazali proposes a theological model that emphasizes divine omnipotence while preserving human responsibility through the doctrine of kasb. By employing a comparative and analytical methodology, this study argues that both thinkers offer forms of compatibilism, reconciling human responsibility with divine causation. Their approaches not only shaped classical Islamic thought but also remain relevant to contemporary debates on free will, ethics, and responsibility.

The Functional Role of Phraseological Units in Literary Translation

Toshtemirov Jaxongirmirzo Akramjon oʻgʻli — 2026-05-31

This article analyzes the functional role of phraseological units in literary translation, examining their semantic, stylistic, and linguo-cultural characteristics. Phraseologisms are one of the key units that constitute the figurative layer of a language, and they play a distinct role in enhancing the expressiveness of a literary text, conveying the national spirit, and revealing the author’s style. The study considers the main challenges encountered in the translation of phraseological units, particularly the issues of finding equivalents, preserving national-cultural meanings, and recreating imagery. Furthermore, the effectiveness of equivalent, alternative, descriptive, and adaptive translation methods used for translating phraseologisms is illustrated with examples. The article provides a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between phraseological units in various languages, thereby revealing their artistic and aesthetic functions. The research findings indicate that the adequate translation of phraseological units depends not only on the translator's linguistic knowledge but also on a deep understanding of the people's culture, mentality, and artistic thinking. Therefore, preserving national identity and stylistic diversity in the process of translating phraseologisms is one of the essential criteria for literary translation.

Historical Analysis of Social Justice and State Governance in the Activities of Amir Haydar

Hamroyev Asliddin Umedovich — 2026-05-31

This article analyzes the state governance activities of Amir Haydar, who ruled during the Manghit dynasty, with particular emphasis on his role in ensuring social justice, based on historical sources. As the principal source of the study, the letters contained in the collection “Maktuboti Amir Haydar” were examined. These letters reveal the ruler’s leadership qualities, his supervision over government officials, his fair resolution of taxation-related issues, as well as his approaches to water distribution and military-political matters. Furthermore, the article elucidates Amir Haydar’s policy aimed at ensuring state peace, social stability, and the rule of law. The study also scientifically highlights important aspects of historical statehood traditions and the national experience of governance.

The Theme of The Nafs in Mystical Literature: Interpretations and Commentaries

Almardonova Aziza Almamat qizi — 2026-06-02

This article examines the interpretations and commentaries of the concept of the nafs in mystical literature, taking as its basis the works of Abu Abdurahmon Sulamiy, Ibn Sina, Al-Qushayri, and Ali Hujwiri. The nafs is a central category that expresses the inner world of the human being, spiritual desires, and moral struggle, and in Eastern mystical thought it holds significance not only from an ethical perspective but also in philosophical and Sufi terms. The methodology of the article is based on the methods of historical-comparative analysis, hermeneutic interpretation, textual studies, and conceptual analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that the concept of the nafs appears in various forms of spiritual maladies, as a philosophical-psychological concept, and in the works of and as the central element of mystical spiritual wayfaring (suluk). Thus, the theme of the nafs has provided a comprehensive theoretical and practical foundation in Sufi literature for explaining the spiritual and moral perfection of the human being. The findings of this research make it possible to study Eastern mystical literature and Sufi thought more deeply, as well as to illuminate the concept of the nafs on a scholarly basis in contemporary spiritual and ethical studies.

Methodological Approaches and Principles for Teaching Historical Novels in Higher Literary Education

Saydullayeva Shoira Kaxramon qizi — 2026-06-02

This article identifies the methodological approaches and principles for teaching historical novels in higher literary education and develops an integrative methodological model for them. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodology, employing methods such as theoretical analysis, comparative analysis, content analysis, and theoretical modeling. Consequently, historical-cognitive, interpretative, dialogic, and competency-based professional approaches were established as the primary methodological frameworks for teaching historical novels. Based on these approaches, the principles of historicity, interpretability, dialogue-based learning, self-awareness, and professional orientation were systematized. The study proposes an integrative methodological model aimed at developing historical thinking, interpretative competence, critical thinking, historical empathy, and professional-pedagogical reflection. The findings indicate that historical novels are not only an object of literary analysis but also an effective pedagogical tool for developing the professional competencies of future literature teachers.

Family Values in an Enlightened Society and Their Role in Strengthening Family Stability

Rashidov Mehriddin Fakhriddin o‘g‘li — 2026-06-03

This article analyzes the essence of family values in an enlightened society and their role in strengthening family stability. It highlights the importance of the family as a key social institution, the formation of spiritual and moral values, and their role in intergenerational continuity. The study also examines, from a scientific perspective, the urgent issues of preserving and strengthening family values in the context of globalization.

Some Aspects of Applying Artificial Intelligence to The Development of Legal Education and Upbringing

Norboyev Sardor Qavmiddinovich — 2026-05-30

This article is devoted to the role and significance of artificial intelligence technologies in improving the processes of legal education and upbringing. Furthermore, it highlights the mechanisms of applying artificial intelligence and provides an analysis of the challenges encountered within the process. Additionally, along with its advantages in legal education, issues such as information security are critically examined. At the end of the article, scientific and practical recommendations for the digitalization of the national legal education system are provided.

The Normative Role of Morphology in Legal Texts (Evidence from the Agglutinative Structure of Uzbek)

Dilrabo Qudratillayevna Elova — 2026-06-03

This article examines the formation of normative meaning in Uzbek legal texts in relation to the agglutinative structure of the language. The study proceeds from the assumption that a legal norm is not interpreted only through legal terms or the general propositional content of a sentence. In Uzbek legal discourse, affixes, voice forms, possessive markers, postpositional constructions, conditional forms, and modal expressions may also participate in shaping legal meaning. The empirical material is drawn from Articles 239, 248, and 370–377 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis applies the working sequence “agglutinative structure à inference à legal interpretation”. First, the relevant morphological form is identified. Then the implicit or partially implicit normative inference generated by that form is reconstructed. Finally, its deontic status is assessed in terms of obligation, permission, prohibition, or discretionary force. The article discusses such units as realizatsiya qilish “realization/supply”, aniqlanadi “is determined”, hisobga olinadi “is taken into account”, mehnatga haq to‘lash tarzidagi daromadlar “income in the form of remuneration for labour”, mulkiy daromadlar “property income”, moddiy naf tarzidagi daromadlar “income in the form of material benefit”, and boshqa daromadlar “other income”. These examples reveal several interpretive phenomena: syntactic scope ambiguity, interpretive collision, inferential expansion, terminological diffusion, and referential discontinuity. The findings suggest that the morphological layer in Uzbek legal discourse should not be treated as a secondary grammatical feature. Rather, it functions as an active mechanism through which legal meaning is constructed, delimited, and sometimes made open to competing interpretations. The study therefore argues for a closer integration of morphological analysis, inferential reconstruction, and deontic evaluation in the linguistic analysis of Uzbek normative texts.

The Role of National Mentality in Shaping Abstract Vocabulary

Muhayyo Hakimova — 2026-06-03

This article identifies the role of the human factor in the formation of abstract words, their place in the vocabulary. The role of rational cognition in the formation of abstract words has been identified. In order to define the human factor, the naming of abstract concepts in the language of backward peoples was analyzed. Examples were given of the expression of the raw mental characteristics of the Uzbek people in language.

Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects of Morphonological Changes in the Uzbek Language

Mamatkulova Nasiba Makhamadzhonovna — 2026-06-05

This article comprehensively analyzes the functional and structural characteristics of morphonological processes as they manifest at the dynamic level of speech within modern Uzbek linguistics. It particularly investigates the intricate role these phonologically conditioned morphological variations play in driving semantic conversion and facilitating pragmatic intensification during discourse. Operating within the fundamentally agglutinative typology of the Uzbek language, the study systematically illustrates the emerging phenomena of fusional elements, systemic lexicalization, and labial alternations occurring within reduplicated structural units. Through the lens of rigorous synchronous analysis, these complex shifts are illuminated using concrete, contextual linguistic evidence. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates how subtle morphonological mutations transcend mere phonetic adjustments, serving as vital tools for semantic differentiation, speaker intent styling, and the optimization of communicative efficiency.

The Representation of the White Army in Social Media Posts: Critical Discourse Analysis

Saif Abdulkareem H. Shaban — 2026-06-05

During the years of the pandemic (2020-2022), the efforts of the medical group adopted a new approach. They played an essential role in the process of fighting COVID-19. People tried to thank, encourage, and support them by using language tools. The current research presented a study in critical discourse analysis to investigate the texts that people used, whether to thank, describe, or encourage the members of the medical field during the war against COVID-19.This work aims to investigate the linguistic devices used in Facebook posts concerning vocabulary and text structure to praise the medical crews during the pandemic, deconstruct the mental models that led those people publish to publish such posts, and interpret how this digital discourse contributes to reshaping the social image of the medical crews. Furthermore, this study analyzed five discourses, posts published on the Facebook social media platform, based on levels put forward by linguists specialized in critical discourse analysis, such as Norman Fairclough and van Dijk. Finally, the current research concluded that the posts employ several metaphorical expressions, such as the knight and the army of mercy. Besides, the text structure of these discourses, was categorized by strong coherence and clear logical reasoning. The language used to praise the medical crews was not spontaneous, but rather depended on intensive linguistic tactics that transformed doctors and other medical staff from the medical lexicon into the military field. Finally, the study demonstrated that the tribute phrases used contributed to redesigning the social identity of the medical members. Doctors and other medical staff were shifted from specialized employees into heroes and social leaders.

Mahmud Al-Zamakhshari’s Work “Al-Faiq Fi Gharib Al-Hadith” as an Important Source for Studying Rare Vocabulary

Hikmatulloh Ruzaliev — 2026-06-06

This article explores the methods of linguistic and semantic analysis in Mahmud al-Zamakhshari's work “Al-Faiq fi Gharib al-Hadith”, which holds a significant place in the history of Arabic lexicography. The research reveals how the scholar effectively utilized phonetic, morphological, and syntactic semantics, as well as text context and the evolution of social meaning, in interpreting rare words within hadiths. The results of the analysis demonstrate that Zamakhshari's lexicographic approaches and views on semantic transformations fully correspond to the early theoretical foundations of modern pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and cognitive semantics.

Poetic Discoveries in The Poetry of Ikrom Otamurod

Oxbutayeva Dildora Zoirovna — 2026-06-06

This article analyzes poetic discoveries and their artistic-philosophical essence in the works of Ikrom Otamurod, a distinctive representative of modern Uzbek poetry. The study explores metaphorical representations, symbolic images, individual poetic thinking, syntactic innovations, and the artistic expression of Sufi-philosophical views in the poet’s works. Particular attention is paid to the poetic functions of such images as loneliness, silence, road, bird, and night, through which the poet interprets human psychology, inner suffering, spiritual quest, and reflections on existence. Furthermore, based on the views of Qozoqboy Yo‘ldosh and Uzoq Jo‘raqulov, the artistic-aesthetic features of the poet’s poetics are elucidated. The analysis concludes that the poetry of Ikrom Otamurod represents an important artistic phenomenon in modern Uzbek literature, where philosophical reflection, poetic originality, and symbolic thinking are harmoniously combined.

Mahmud Kashgari’s Enlightenment Ideas

Kholova Umida Umedovna — 2026-06-06

This article examines the enlightenment-oriented views of Mahmud al-Kashgari and his philosophical and ethical ideas concerning the concept of the virtuous and intellectually accomplished individual. Drawing primarily on Diwan Lughat al-Turk and other works attributed to the thinker, the study analyzes his perspectives on knowledge, language, morality, education, human virtues, and social development. The research demonstrates that Mahmud al-Kashgari regarded knowledge and enlightenment as the fundamental prerequisites for human perfection and social progress. He portrayed the ideal individual as one who embodies wisdom, moral integrity, patriotism, honesty, compassion, and a strong sense of social responsibility. The article further highlights the enduring relevance of his intellectual legacy and substantiates the significance of his ideas for contemporary spiritual, moral, and educational development.

Ibn Sina's "Al-Isharat Wa Al-Tanbihat" and its Mystical-Philosophical Interpretation

Raupova Ra’no Sayibovna — 2026-06-06

This article analyzes Abu Ali Ibn Sina's "Al-Isharat wa al-Tanbihat" and its mystical-philosophical interpretation. Based on the sections of the work on logic and metaphysics, Ibn Sina's views on the mind, soul, active mind, enlightenment, happiness, and divine love are highlighted. The study reveals the thinker's concept of philosophical mysticism, which combines rational thinking with spiritual experience. Also, the mystical and metaphysical content of the concepts of "al-ʿārif", "al-wuṣūl", "saʿāda" and "inayat" is scientifically analyzed. The work's place in postclassical Islamic philosophy, the commentaries written on it, and the views of modern researchers are used to justify Ibn Sina's creation of an intellectual bridge between Sufism and philosophy.

The Essence of Occasionalism and its Study in Ontologics

Dilbar Nodirbek qizi Mirnosirova — 2026-06-06

The phenomenon of occasionalism represents one of the most dynamic aspects of lexical innovation, yet its operational mechanisms in early language development require deeper academic systematization. This article explores the conceptual essence of occasional units, specifically examining their generation within child speech through the lens of modern ontolinguistics. By evaluating established linguistic and psycholinguistic paradigms, the paper provides a rigorous critical critique of how children intuitively exploit the structural rules of their native language to coin context-dependent neologisms. The analysis demonstrates that child occasionalisms serve as a prime manifestation of speech creativity and linguistic resilience. Ultimately, the paper establishes the theoretical importance of evaluating these transient units and contributes a refined framework for understanding structural morphology and cognitive processing in developmental linguistics.

Developing Skills of Integrating Landscape Imagery in Senior School Students

Fozilova Mohigul Farkhodovna — 2026-06-06

This article examines the pedagogical and methodological foundations for developing senior school students’ skills in integrating landscape imagery through empirical research. At the initial stage, students’ ability to integrate landscape imagery was identified at an average level of 40.0 percent. At the end of the experiment, this indicator reached 80.1 percent in the experimental group (Δ = +40.1 p.p., Cohen’s d = 2.14 — large effect size), while it remained limited to 53.1 percent in the control group. The skill of color harmony increased by 44.7 percent, visual analysis ability by 40.4 percent, and creative thinking by 35.1 percent. The results analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics and Microsoft Excel confirmed the statistically significant effectiveness of the integrative approach (p < 0.001). The article also scientifically presents a STEAM-based integrative landscape education model, the prospects of AR/VR and artificial intelligence technologies, and practical recommendations.

Phraseological Features of Appositive Constructions in The Uzbek Language

Mirzali R. Raximov — 2026-06-02

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the phraseological features of appositive constructions in Uzbek linguistics. The study examines the interrelation between appositive constructions and phraseological units, investigating their semantic integrity, figurative meaning, expressiveness, and national-cultural character, based on artistic and journalistic texts. A classification of phraseological appositive constructions has been developed, and their syntactic and lexico-semantic features have been systematically distinguished. The findings enrich scientific knowledge in Uzbek phraseology, syntax, and lexicology and open new directions for research at the intersection of these disciplines.

Enhancing Student Learning Motivation Through the Systematic Integration of Formative Assessment

Amirkulova Dilnoza Zokir kizi — 2026-06-07

This article provides a comprehensive academic analysis of the role and structural significance of formative assessment mechanisms in fostering and developing secondary school students' intrinsic motivation for learning. It critically examines the demotivating factors inherent in traditional summative grading models and introduces the structural advantages of a continuous formative framework as an alternative. The research highlights the explicit socio-psychological effects of constructive feedback loops, self-assessment matrices, and peer-evaluation protocols on the development of students' achievement motivation and self-efficacy. Ultimately, the paper provides evidence-based pedagogical strategies and methodological guidelines designed to enhance overall instructional quality and cultivate a robust growth mindset in modern classrooms.

Theoretical and Philosophical Tasks of Studying the Phenomenon of Self-Consciousness in the Development of Society

Seitova Z. P — 2026-06-07

The article examines the issues related to the emergence and development of social labour and self-consciousness, which is one of the problems that has long interested humanity. The article analyzes the essence of the concepts of “national self-consciousness” and “self-knowledge.” The tasks of self-consciousness were at the center of attention of ancient philosophers; on this basis, the article considers the process of the emergence of certain ideas. In the process of studying the interrelation or conceptual tasks of self-consciousness and spiritual values in the development of society, such categorical concepts as nationality, ethnos and ethnicity are described. In addition, special attention is paid to the role of national self-consciousness in today’s conditions of globalization and to the regular increase in the need for it.

Processes of New Thinking and Spiritual Renewal in Uzbek Society

Rakhmatov Alisher Obidovich — 2026-06-09

This article analyzes the processes of the formation of new thinking and spiritual renewal in Uzbek society from a philosophical perspective. New thinking is interpreted as a modernization of the way a person understands and evaluates reality, and its interrelation with social consciousness and spiritual values is revealed. The article also highlights the role of spiritual renewal in the stability of society, social integration, and the development of civic consciousness, and considers the harmony of national and universal values in the context of globalization. The results of the study show that new thinking and spirituality are decisive factors in the development of society.

Description of The Theory of Artistic Image

Turdiyeva Navruzgul — 2026-06-09

This article covers the history of the origin, theory, types and stages of development of the term image. The opinions expressed by world and domestic scientists about the image are compared. The types of images in the stories of the writer Luqman Borikhon are described. Problematic situations about the image are discussed. Attention is paid to the change in certain views on the image. The theoretical foundations of the concept of artistic image, its role in literary studies and its importance in revealing the content of a work of art are highlighted. Scientific approaches to the study of poetic image are analyzed. It is explained that the image, as a central category, is the main tool that reveals the content of the work. It is emphasized that the scope of the image includes, in addition to a person and an object, also an image and an event. It is argued that the history of the creation of the image goes back to imitation and likeness. The main element that evaluates the criterion of a writer's skill is the way of creating an image.

Article Title: Pedagogical and Didactic Bases of Selecting Literary Works

Musaboyeva Zulfira Iqboljon qizi — 2026-06-05

This article clarifies the aspects that need to be considered in selecting literary works from modern Uzbek literature for study in literature classes of general secondary education schools. It focuses on instilling a sense of respect and esteem for writers through these works, analyzing the literature selected for textbooks, and exploring approaches to developing reading habits in the context of national literary education experiences. Furthermore, it defines the necessary conditions for ensuring the three main criteria of work selection: high artistic value, social significance, and the ability to inspire pleasure and enthusiasm in the reader.

A Comparison of the Eastern and Western Models of Civil Society: A Socio-Philosophical Analysis

Nutfullo Nasrulloyevich Teshayev — 2026-06-09

This article provides a comparative analysis of the history of the formation, the socio-philosophical foundations, and the political and spiritual characteristics of the Eastern and Western models of civil society. Whereas the Western model emphasizes the primacy of individualism, human rights, and public institutions that are relatively independent of the state, the Eastern model highlights the importance of collectivism, spirituality, social cohesion, and moral values. The article also analyzes the processes of developing civil society in Uzbekistan on the basis of a harmony between national values and modern democratic principles

Enlightenment is an Important Factor in The Development of Society

Makhsudjonov Kamronjon — 2026-06-10

In this article, it is reflected that one of the priority directions of the development of our country, which is on its own path, is to raise the spirituality of our people, and that spirituality and enlightenment raise the level of national and universal humanity of all people.

The Significance of Jadid Thinkers’ Views in the Development of Youth Socio - Political Activism

Rizayev Nodir Sobirovich — 2026-06-10

This article analyzes the views of Jadid reformers on the modernization of the educational system and examines their role in national awakening and social development. Particular attention is given to the activities of Jadid intellectuals aimed at establishing new-method schools and educating the younger generation in the spirit of modern knowledge and moral values. Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of the Jadid movement in the socio-political life of Turkestan and reveals its contribution to promoting the ideas of national unity, independence, and enlightenment.

The Role of Context in Translating Medical Terminology

Shahlo F. Sharobidinova — 2026-06-10

This article examines the role of context in translating medical terminology. Medical terms are often polysemous, and their accurate interpretation depends on the communicative purpose of the text, clinical situation, and professional field of application. The study analyzes semantic challenges encountered in the translation of medical terms from English into Uzbek, issues of terminological equivalence, and the influence of contextual factors on translation quality. Particular attention is paid to examples from pathology, pharmacology, and clinical practice that demonstrate how the meaning of medical terms may vary across different contexts. The findings indicate that careful contextual analysis is essential for ensuring terminological accuracy, effective professional communication, and patient safety. The study highlights the importance of context-sensitive translation strategies in modern medical discourse.

Philosophical Methodology for Investigating Socio-Cultural Factors in Anti-Corruption: World Experience and Development Trends

Gʻayratov Boburmirzo Alisher oʻgʻli — 2026-06-11

The persistence of corruption across diverse political and economic systems has increasingly directed scholarly attention toward its socio-cultural underpinnings. This article explores the philosophical methodology employed in researching socio-cultural factors in anti-corruption efforts, drawing on world experience, and identifies current development trends in this interdisciplinary field. The study adopts the IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) structure to systematically analyze the epistemological foundations, methodological pluralism, and emergent paradigms that shape contemporary anti-corruption research. By integrating hermeneutic, phenomenological, critical-theoretical, and post-structural approaches, the paper demonstrates how philosophical inquiry enriches empirical investigations of corruption’s cultural embeddedness. The findings highlight a shift from universalist, positivist frameworks toward context-sensitive, interpretive models that account for historical legacies, symbolic orders, and social practices. The discussion underscores the growing importance of ethical reflexivity, decolonial perspectives, and the co-construction of knowledge in shaping future anti-corruption methodologies. Ultimately, the article argues that a philosophically informed methodology not only deepens understanding of corruption’s socio-cultural roots but also enhances the design of culturally legitimate and sustainable integrity systems.

Modern Interactive Methods for Developing Media Philosophy Knowledge in Students

Kamolova Munojot Jaloldinovna — 2026-06-12

In today's digital information age, media philosophy knowledge (the field of knowledge where media and philosophy intersect) is extremely important for students. Media and information literacy constitutes a core set of skills that responds to the global challenges of the 21st century – specifically, In an environment where misinformation and disinformation are on the rise, it is essential to foster students' critical engagement with information and their ability to navigate the online environment safely. Research shows that integrating media literacy into philosophy education prepares students to critically engage with digital information, It is crucial for developing critical thinking and for understanding the ethical dimensions of information based on epistemological (related to the theory of knowledge) principles. In other words, in a philosophical context, media literacy is the skill of critically evaluating sources of information, understanding the fundamental principles of knowledge, and recognizing the ethical implications of information dissemination. This article discusses this topic.

Some Theoretical Perspectives on The Psychological Features of Stinginess among Higher Education Students

Davletova Nodira Nuraddinovna — 2026-06-13

This study aims to analyze the fairness of royalty agreements between songwriters and singers in the Indonesian music industry and to assess the extent to which legal protection of songwriters' economic rights has been implemented. The research employs a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis. Data were obtained through literature review, including statutory regulations, John Rawls’ theory of distributive justice, and contract law theory, as well as case studies of existing royalty agreement practices in Indonesia's music industry. The findings reveal that songwriters often hold a weaker bargaining position compared to singers or producers during royalty contract negotiations, resulting in disproportionate revenue sharing. The study recommends strengthening regulations, developing fair royalty agreement templates, and enhancing the role of LMK in order to build a more equitable contractual system that supports an inclusive and sustainable music ecosystem.

Linguistic Deviation and The System of Stylistic Devices in The Poetry of Pam Ayres

Gofurova Nazokat Komiljonovna — 2026-06-13

Stylistics is one of the branches of linguistics that demonstrates the expressive potential and artistic capabilities of language. Throughout the history of linguistic studies, scholars from different countries have proposed various definitions and approaches to stylistics. Besides enriching speech and enhancing its expressiveness, stylistics plays a crucial role in creating aesthetic and artistic effects in poetic texts through the use of stylistic devices. This article presents the classification of stylistic devices into four major categories and analyzes their application in the poetry of the British poet Pam Ayres. The study reveals that Ayres’s simple, colloquial, and folk-oriented poetic style is remarkably rich in lexical, lexico-syntactic, syntactic, and phonetic stylistic devices. Through illustrative examples selected from her poems, the paper demonstrates how these stylistic devices contribute to the creation of artistic imagery, humorous effects, emotional colouring, and the representation of everyday life within the framework of British linguo-cultural traditions.

A Differentiated Approach to Literature Education

Xoliqova Anora Abdisattorovna — 2026-06-13

This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of a differentiated approach that takes into account students’ individual characteristics within the modern literary education system and analyzes the principles of differentiated instruction in literature teaching. At present, organizing the educational process on the basis of learner-centered principles and providing instruction according to each student’s level of achievement, interests, and creative potential is one of the most pressing issues in education. Within the scope of the study, the criteria for grouping students in literature classes, the methodology for designing tasks of varying levels of complexity, and the differentiated opportunities available in the analysis of literary texts are explored. The author substantiates the distinctive features of the differentiated approach in comparison with traditional teaching methods. The research reveals the specific characteristics of determining educational trajectories based on students’ reading competence and aesthetic appreciation. Furthermore, the article demonstrates, through empirical evidence, the effectiveness of differentiated tasks used in literature lessons, including text analysis activities, creative essays, and project-based assignments. The forms, methods, and tools for organizing students’ independent work on the basis of differentiated instruction are also examined. In addition, a system of independent learning activities tailored to students’ individual capabilities has been developed. Scientific and practical recommendations regarding the criteria of differentiated instruction are proposed. The article is intended for philologists, school teachers, researchers, and specialists in educational methodology.

Problems Concerning the Manuscript Sources, Structure, and Content of Hashmat Bukhari’s Divan

Eshonqulov Ilhom Abdusalomovich — 2026-06-13

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the manuscript sources, structural composition, and textual features of “Devoni Ghazaliyot” by Mirsiddiqkhan Hashmat Bukhari, one of the prominent representatives of 19th-century Tajik literature. The study examines the author’s creative legacy in Persian, Arabic, and Turkic languages, his representation in biographical anthologies (tazkiras) and poetic collections (bayāz), as well as his position within the literary milieu, employing source studies and comparative literary analysis methodologies. The article further substantiates the connection between Hashmat’s oeuvre and the Indian style (the Bedil school), highlighting the predominance of symbolism, subtle expression, mystical content, and Sufi-oriented perspectives in his artistic thinking. It also demonstrates, through textual examples, that the poet composed works in various genres, including the ghazal, qasida, mukhammas, rubai, and others, with particular emphasis on his innovative semantic approaches and extensive use of artistic imagery in the ghazal genre. The findings indicate that Hashmat’s literary output is significant not only from an aesthetic and literary standpoint but also in terms of its historical and social content. He is characterized as a poet who reflected the socio-political issues of his time, criticized courtly environments, and inclined toward Enlightenment ideas. Based on manuscript sources, the article proposes new approaches to the scholarly study of Hashmat’s “Devoni Ghazaliyot.”.

The Doctrine of Wahdat al-Wujud and Its Ontological Status in Turkic Classical Literature

Nasimova Farogat Abduvali qizi — 2026-06-13

Background: The theological and metaphysical doctrine of Wahdat al-Wujud (the Unity of Being), systematically initiated by the Andalusian-born master Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, serves as the primary conceptual substrate for classical Islamic Eastern literature. Understanding the profound creative output of classical Eastern thinkers is non-viable without deciphering this framework. Methods: This study utilizes a qualitative methodology encompassing structural hermeneutics, historical-comparative analysis, and textual exegesis of critical Sufi poetry and hagiographical treatises. It establishes a rigorous boundary between Wahdat al-Wujud and Western pantheism, tracing the historical transmission of unity paradigms through early gnostics (Bistami, Hallaj, Shibli) to later literary giants (Sanai, Attar, Rumi, Jami). Results: The research structurally validates how Alisher Navoiy synthesized scriptural foundations (Quran and Hadith) and preceding Persian poetic legacies in his works Nasayim al-Muhabbat and Lisan ut-Tayr. Furthermore, it defines the operational differences between Wahdat al-Wujud and Wahdat ash-Shuhud as depicted in regional classical thought. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Wahdat al-Wujud was not a superficial ornamentation within Turkic belles-lettres, but the foundational architecture animating the "Perfect Man" (Al-Insan al-Kamil) discourse, proving that human consciousness serves as the ultimate mirror for Divine manifestation.

Psychological Features of Intrapersonal Conflict and Defensive Strategies among University Students

Davletova Nodira Nuraddinovna — 2026-06-14

This article presents a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of internal conflicts and psychological defense mechanisms observed among students of higher educational institutions. Within the framework of the study, the nature of intrapsychic contradictions arising during the stages of students' personal and professional development, the mechanisms of their emergence, and the characteristics of their manifestation in the context of individual differences are examined. Drawing upon an integrated methodological approach that synthesises psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural, and existential psychology paradigms, a structural model of internal conflicts is proposed. The findings demonstrate that repression, projection, rationalisation, and intellectualisation are the predominant defence mechanisms among students, and that these mechanisms are statistically significantly correlated with indicators of academic achievement and psychological well-being. The practical implications of the study may serve as a basis for enhancing psychological support services in institutions of higher education.

The Issue of Attitude Towards Women’s Education in Hamza’s Novels

Shirinova Sitora Xayrullo qizi — 2026-06-14

The socio-political transformations that took place in Turkestan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries left a profound and enduring mark on Uzbek literature. As Abdullah Avloniy famously stated, “Literature is the mirror of the nation,” and the loss of national independence under colonial rule, together with its tragic consequences, found vivid expression in the literary works of the period. During this time, members of the national intelligentsia, particularly the Jadids, began to recognize the underlying causes of the hardships faced by the people and sought ways to overcome them through unity and reform.

The Jadids regarded education and knowledge as the most effective means of restoring the nation’s identity and liberating the country from the constraints of an oppressive political system. Their objectives included the formation of an enlightened intellectual class, the establishment of new-method schools, the introduction of Western educational and cultural practices, the publication of modern textbooks, the promotion of overseas study opportunities for young people, and the awakening of public consciousness through journalism and theatre.

Among the leading representatives of this movement was Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy, who made a significant contribution through his activities in the press, theatre, and literature. His poems and songs were designed to raise public awareness and stimulate social consciousness. However, one of Hamza’s most important contributions to Uzbek literature was his attempt to introduce the novel genre, which was still relatively new to national literary practice.

Although his prose works may not fully correspond to contemporary standards of novelistic form and structure, they represented an important stage in the development of Uzbek narrative literature. In particular, the works Yangi Saodat (New Happiness) and Uchrashuv (The Meeting), which the author himself described as “national novels,” addressed some of the most pressing social issues of the time. These included the importance of education, social inequality, and the status and rights of women. As such, these works occupy a notable place in the history of Uzbek literature as some of the earliest attempts to explore contemporary social realities through extended prose fiction.

This article examines the reflection of the socio-cultural realities of the period in Hamza’s novels and analyzes the ways in which the author represented the major social concerns of his era through literary narrative.

The Treatment of the Concept of Iltifāt in Yusuf Sakkākī’s Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm

Ismoilov Bobur Xudoyarovich — 2026-06-02

This article examines the rhetorical device of iltifāt, which occupies an important place in Arabic and Uzbek literary studies. Drawing upon the teachings of Yusuf Sakkākī and other scholars of balāgha (rhetoric), the study analyzes its theoretical foundations, forms, and stylistic significance. The article defines iltifāt as a shift in the direction of discourse among the speaker, the addressee, and the absent third person. One of the main conclusions of the study is that iltifāt enriches literary style by introducing a new tone and semantic emphasis into the discourse, enhancing the listener’s attention and increasing the expressive power of the text.

Detection of Political Evasion

Munisa Rustamqizi Toshboeva — 2026-06-14

Political evasion represents one of the most significant yet understudied phenomena in contemporary political communication. As political discourse increasingly unfolds within digital and highly mediated environments, political actors employ various linguistic and discursive strategies to avoid direct responses while maintaining credibility and communicative control. This study investigates political evasion as a multidimensional communicative phenomenon through a comparative analysis of the political discourse of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Vladimir Putin, and Donald Trump. The research aims to identify the principal linguistic markers of political evasion and examine their realization across different political and cultural contexts.

The study adopts an interdisciplinary framework combining discourse analysis, pragmatics, corpus-based methods, and comparative analysis. The empirical corpus consists of official speeches, public statements, interviews, and press-conference materials delivered by the three political leaders. The analysis focuses on lexical, syntactic, pragmatic, and rhetorical indicators of evasion, including vagueness, ambiguity, topic shifting, reframing, strategic generalization, and indirect response patterns.

The findings demonstrate that political evasion functions as a strategic discursive resource that enables political actors to manage sensitive issues, maintain legitimacy, and influence public interpretation. While certain evasive mechanisms appear across all examined political contexts, their realization is shaped by cultural and political traditions. The study reveals a tendency toward consensus-oriented reframing in Uzbek political discourse, historical and geopolitical legitimation in Russian political discourse, and identity-based and confrontational strategies in American political communication. The article contributes to political discourse studies by proposing an integrated framework for the identification and analysis of political evasion in contemporary political communication.

Translation And Analysis of Sharof Boshbekov’s “Iron Wife”

Asror Yusupov — 2026-06-16

This diploma project presents the first systematic English translation and multi-level linguistic analysis of Sh. Boshbekov’s comedy “Iron Wife”. The research focuses on resolving lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and cultural-pragmatic challenges encountered in Uzbek-to-English translation. Based on comparative-contrastive and communicative-pragmatic approaches, the study systematically substantiates the strategies for preserving national identity in the text. The practical value lies in promoting Uzbek literature globally and serving as a supplementary guide in literary translation classes

Presenting Uzbek Phraseological Units in Multilingual Electronic Dictionaries Based on Corpus Linguistic Analysis

Rakhimova Sulurxon Djumaniyazovna — 2026-06-19

This article analyzes the corpus-linguistic foundations for presenting Uzbek language phraseological units in multilingual electronic dictionaries. In recent decades, the rapid development of electronic lexicography, particularly the emergence of national language corpora, has opened up new methodological possibilities for phraseographical research: it has now become possible to determine the meaning, frequency of use, stylistic coloring, and contextual adaptability of a phraseological unit not by abstract linguistic intuition, but by relying on large-scale electronic databases—corpora, which consist of actual texts. The article provides a comparative review of global corpus-linguistic lexicography and the research being conducted on the basis of the National Corpus of the Uzbek Language (uzbekcorpus.uz). As a result of the research, a phased model for presenting Uzbek phraseology as a multilingual electronic dictionary article was developed: extracting concordances from the corpus, frequency and collocation analysis, semantic-stylistic annotation, determining the type of interlingual equivalence (full, partial, and null equivalence), and designing the microstructure of the dictionary article. For the analysis, samples of somatic and zoonymic phraseologisms in Uzbek were selected and compared with their Turkish, Russian, and English equivalents. Research has shown that a corpus-based approach provides objectivity, representativeness, and scalability compared to traditional intuitive phraseography, however, for low-frequency and dialectal phraseologisms, it is necessary to increase the corpus size and the quality of morphosyntactic annotation. The results of the article have theoretical and practical significance for creating a phraseological module based on the national Uzbek language corpus, improving machine translation systems, and the practice of teaching Uzbek as a foreign language.

The Role of Creative Teaching Strategies in Alleviating Academic Anxiety Among University Students

Ammar Jabbar Suwaid — 2026-06-20

The current study aims to investigate "the role of creative teaching strategies in alleviating academic anxiety among university students." The researcher employed an experimental design with partial control that included two comparable groups: an experimental group and a control group, in line with the research conditions.The researcher intentionally selected students from Tikrit University as a pilot sample, and first-year students from the College of Education for Human Sciences, Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences, as the experimental sample for the scholarly year (2025-2026). Using a random selection process, Section (B) was designated as the experimental group, consisting of 30 students who engaged with the creative teaching method, whereas Section (A) was appointed as the control group, consisting of 32 students who learned through the traditional approach. Before launching the experiment, the researcher confirmed statistical similarity among students in both groups concerning various factors that could influence the outcome, specifically: age in months, last year's GPA from the sixth preparatory grade, results from the Raven Progressive Matrices Intelligence Test, fathers' educational levels, mothers' educational levels, and initial scores on the academic anxiety reduction scale. The researcher determined the educational content to be delivered, which encompassed the initial and subsequent chapters of the "Psychology" textbook prescribed for the first stage in the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences. Based on the content, the researcher formulated behavioral objectives across four levels and prepared 16 model lesson plans for each group. The researcher employed two instruments to assess the research variables: the first was an achievement test consisting of 35 items, whose validity, reliability, and discrimination index were verified, and statistical analyses were performed on its items. Additionally, the researcher developed a intelligent curiosity scale, that in its ending form contained 34 items, with verified validity, reliability, and discrimination. After developing the experiment, the investigator executed two together research forms to the study groups, Following data collection, the research dossier were resolved utilizing appropriate mathematical methods, disclosing the following results: 1.There is a statistically important distinctness at the (0.05) level middle from two points the mean scores of the exploratory group scholars and those of the control group in the success test, preferring the exploratory group. 2.A statistically meaningful dissimilarity was discovered at the (0.05) level betwixt the mean scores of the exploratory group undergraduates and those of the control group on the post-test intelligent interest scale, preferring the exploratory group.3. The results explained a statistically important dissimilarity at the (0.05) level in the mean dissimilarities 'tween the pre-test and post-test scores of the exploratory group juniors on the intelligent interest scale, pampering the post-test.

The Philosophy of The Individual, Society and Development in The Spiritual Heritage of Said Rizo Alizoda

Nazarov Ulug‘bek Ismatovich — 2026-06-09

This article analyzes the socio-philosophical views of Said Rizo Alizoda, one of the prominent representatives of the Jadid movement. It examines the thinker’s ideas on human development, enlightenment, spirituality, moral education, and social progress using historical, systematic, and comparative analytical approaches. The study also explores Alizoda’s pedagogical and journalistic legacy, particularly his primer The First Year (Soli Avval), highlighting the role of education in personality development and the integration of national values with modern knowledge. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that Alizoda’s ideas are closely aligned with the educational and reformist principles of Jadidism. His intellectual heritage continues to possess both theoretical and practical significance for contemporary educational reforms, spiritual and moral development, and the cultivation of well-rounded individuals.

The Formation and Structure of Ethnotoponyms Derived from Clan Names in “Shajarayi Turk”

Abduvaliyeva Kamola Shavkat qizi — 2026-05-30

This article analyzes the formation and grammatical structure of ethnotoponyms derived from clan and tribal names found in the work “Shajarayi Turk.” The study highlights the role of onomastic conversion and compounding (syntactic) methods in the formation of ethnotoponyms and reveals their historical-linguistic features. It also examines the functional properties of ancient affixes within ethnonyms, their preservation in ethnotoponyms, and their grammatical models. Based on materials from “Shajarayi Turk,” structural types of ethnotoponyms formed through noun + noun, adjective + noun, numeral + noun, and noun + verb components are identified, and the historical, ethnic, and social factors influencing their formation are analyzed. The results show that ethnotoponyms are an important source for studying the ethnic history, migration processes, and genealogical views of Turkic peoples.

Methodological, Anthropological, And Axiological Analysis of Social Integration

Rakhmatov Alisher Obidovich — 2026-06-21

This article analyzes the methodological, anthropological, and axiological foundations of social integration from a philosophical point of view. It highlights the systems and communicative approaches to integration, the essence of the human being as a social being, and the role of the value system in ensuring the stability of society. The relevance of social integration in the context of globalization and its importance for the development of modern society are also revealed.

Stylistic Devices and Imagery in the English Translation of “Old School” by Sadriddin Ayni

Nomazova Guli Xamza qizi — 2026-06-23

This article examines stylistic devices and imagery in Sadriddin Ayni’s story “Old School”. The study focuses on the author’s use of expressive language and literary techniques that contribute to the artistic and semantic structure of the work. Particular attention is given to stylistic devices such as metaphor, simile, epithets, and descriptive elements that shape the narrative and reveal social realities reflected in the text. The article also analyzes imagery as a means of creating vivid representations of characters, settings, and cultural contexts. Through textual analysis, the study aims to identify the role of stylistic elements in conveying the author’s ideas and enhancing readers’ understanding of the literary work. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of Ayni’s literary style and artistic expression.